The paper presents key antenna technologies that are expected to play main roles in 6G. It provides an overview of current progress made in both the antennas and communications communities, outlines unmet challenges, and discusses potential solutions and future research directions.

This review article focuses on additively manufactured RF electronics and showcases innovations in printed phased arrays, morphing and origami antennas, and flexible energy-harvesting modules, enabling scalable, cost-effective, and sustainable communication ecosystems for 5G, IoT, smart cities, and beyond. It concludes with a vision for AM-enabled systems that seamlessly integrate communication, sensing, and energy harvesting into adaptive, multifunctional platforms.

Intelligent metasurfaces offer innovative approaches to revolutionize wireless communications by manipulating the properties of electromagnetic waves. The development of reconfigurable, stacked, and flexible 3D metasurfaces opens up new possibilities for adapting wireless propagation and enabling signal processing in the wave domain.

This paper highlights the vital role of modern optimization techniques in addressing complex, multi-parameter challenges in antenna and electromagnetic device design. Through a structured overview and practical insights, it guides researchers and engineers toward enhanced performance and innovation in advanced electromagnetic and optical systems with diverse applications.

In the past two and more decades, metamaterials have been pushing forward a new paradigm for electromagnetics research, highly relevant to the antennas and propagation community, enabling several breakthroughs in the control over electromagnetic waves. In this review, we discuss the history, recent progress and impact of metamaterials and metasurfaces at large.